Glaucoma

What is glaucoma?

Glaucoma refers to a collection of eye disorders that can lead to vision impairment and even blindness by harming a nerve located at the back of your eye, known as the optic nerve.

The onset of symptoms can be so gradual that you might not even realize they are occurring. The only definitive way to determine if you have glaucoma is to undergo a thorough dilated eye examination.

While there is no cure for glaucoma, early intervention can frequently halt the progression of damage and safeguard your eyesight.

What are the types of glaucoma?

There are various forms of glaucoma, but the most prevalent type in the United States is referred to as open-angle glaucoma — this is typically what people are referring to when they mention glaucoma. Other, less common types include angle-closure glaucoma and congenital glaucoma.

What are the symptoms of glaucoma?

Initially, glaucoma often does not present any noticeable symptoms. This is why approximately half of those affected by glaucoma are unaware of their condition.

As time progresses, you may gradually experience vision loss, typically beginning with your peripheral vision — particularly the area closest to your nose. Due to the slow nature of this change, many individuals may not recognize that their vision is deteriorating at first.

However, as the condition worsens, you may begin to realize that you can no longer see objects to the side. Without appropriate treatment, glaucoma can ultimately lead to blindness.

Am I at risk for glaucoma?

While anyone can develop glaucoma, certain individuals are at an increased risk. You may be at a higher risk if you:

  • Are over the age of 60, particularly if you are Hispanic/Latino

  • Are African American and over the age of 40

  • Have a family history of glaucoma

Consult with your healthcare provider regarding your risk for glaucoma, and inquire about how frequently you should be screened. If you fall into a higher risk category, it is essential to have a comprehensive dilated eye exam every 1 to 2 years.

When to seek immediate assistance

Angle-closure glaucoma can trigger sudden symptoms such as:

  • Severe eye pain

  • Nausea

  • Redness in the eye

  • Blurred vision

If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately, either from your doctor or at an emergency room.

What causes glaucoma?

Researchers are still uncertain about the exact causes of the most common forms of glaucoma, but many individuals with glaucoma exhibit elevated eye pressure — and treatments aimed at reducing eye pressure can help slow the progression of the disease.

Currently, there is no known way to prevent glaucoma. This is why regular eye examinations are crucial — they allow you and your doctor to detect the condition before it impacts your vision.

How will my eye doctor assess for glaucoma?

Eye care professionals can evaluate for glaucoma during a comprehensive dilated eye exam. This examination is straightforward and painless — your doctor will administer eye drops to dilate (enlarge) your pupils and then examine your eyes for glaucoma and other potential issues. The exam will also include a visual field test to assess your peripheral vision.

Did you know?

  • Glaucoma can affect one eye or both eyes.

  • Some individuals with elevated eye pressure do not develop glaucoma — conversely, there is a type of glaucoma that occurs in individuals with normal eye pressure.

  • Normal eye pressure can vary from person to person — what is considered normal for one individual may be high for another.

What’s the treatment for glaucoma?

Healthcare providers utilize various treatment methods for glaucoma, including medications (typically in the form of eye drops), laser therapy, and surgical options.

If you are diagnosed with glaucoma, it is vital to initiate treatment promptly. While treatment cannot reverse any existing damage to your vision, it can prevent further deterioration.

  • Medications. Prescription eye drops are the most frequently used treatment. They work to lower the pressure within your eye and help prevent damage to your optic nerve.

  • Laser treatment. To reduce eye pressure, doctors can employ lasers to facilitate the drainage of fluid from your eye. This is a straightforward procedure that can be performed in the office.

  • Surgery. If medications and laser treatments are ineffective, your doctor may recommend surgical options. There are several types of surgery available that can assist in draining fluid from your eye.

Discuss your treatment options with your healthcare provider. Although glaucoma is a serious condition, effective treatments are available. Keep these tips in mind:

  • If your doctor prescribes medication, ensure you take it consistently every day.

  • Inform your doctor if you experience any side effects from your treatment.

  • Schedule regular check-ups with your doctor.

  • If you find that your vision loss is interfering with daily activities, ask your doctor about vision rehabilitation services or assistive devices that may be beneficial.

  • Encourage family members to undergo glaucoma screenings, as the condition can be hereditary